ETH 10000

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How Ethereum works, how to connect, and core protocol and ecosystem concepts.

How scaling inherits Ethereum security while cutting user costs.

Layer2 & Rollups

Layer2 processes transactions off Ethereum L1 and posts data or proofs back, inheriting L1 security while slashing per-tx costs.

Optimistic rollups (Optimism, Arbitrum): assume validity by default with a challenge window for fraud proofs. Strong EVM compatibility; ~7-day withdrawal wait.

ZK rollups (zkSync, Starknet): zero-knowledge proofs verify batches; faster exits, but proving cost and EVM compatibility still evolving.

Dencun blobs (EIP-4844) slashed L2 data costs by an order of magnitude—user fees dropped from dollars to cents.

For ETH value: L2s increase demand for Ethereum as DA and settlement layer; some burn moves to L2, reducing mainnet burn—assess L1 security budget and ETH capture holistically.